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Prism coupler
A prism coupler is a prism designed to couple a substantial fraction of the power contained in a beam of light (e.g., a laser beam) into a thin film to be used as a waveguide without the need for precision polishing of the edge of the film, without the need for sub-micrometer alignment precision of the beam and the edge of the film, and without the need for matching the numerical aperture of the beam to the film. Using a prism coupler, a beam coupled into a thin film can have a diameter hundreds of times the thickness of the film. Invention of the coupler contributed to the initiation of a field of study known as integrated optics.
== History ==
The theory underlying the prism coupler was first published in the Soviet Union.〔L.V. Iogansen, “Theory of resonant electromagnetic systems with total internal reflection III,” Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., vol. 11, pp. 1529–1534, May 1967.〕 This work was not known in the US. Starting in 1969, Shubert, Harris, and Polky at the University of Washington,〔J.H. Harris and R. Shubert,”Optimum power transfer from a beam to a surface wave,” Conf. Abs., URSI Spr. Mtg, p. 71, Wash. D.C. April, 1969.〕〔J.H. Harris, R. Shubert, and J.N. Polky, “Beam Coupling to Films,” J.Opt.Soc.Am., v.60, pp. 1007–1016, Aug. 1970〕〔J.H. Harris and R. Shubert, “Variable Tunneling Excitation of Optical Surface Waves,” IEEE Trans. MTT, pp. 74–91, Mar.1971〕 and, independently, Tien, Ulrich, and Martin, at Bell Laboratories〔P.K.Tien, R.Ulrich, and R.L.Martin, “Modes of propagating light waves in thin deposited semiconductor films,”Appl. Phys. Letters, 14, p291 May, 1969〕〔P.K. Tien and R. Ulrich, “Theory of prism-film coupler and thin film light guides,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. V.60, pp. 1325–1337 Oct. 1970〕〔R. Ulrich, “Theory of the prism-film coupler by plane wave analysis,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. V.60, pp. 1337–1350 Oct. 1970〕 described the first experiments with prism coupling and its underlying theory. This was done with a view toward device applications of thin films.〔R. Shubert and J.H. Harris, “Optical Surface Waves on Thin films and their Application to Integrated Data Processors,” IEEE Trans. MTT, pp. 1048–1054, v. MTT-16 Dec.1968〕〔S.E. Miller, “Integrated optics: an introduction,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., V.48, pp. 2059–2069, Sept. 1969〕
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